{"Id":"7f80bb6e-bbf6-46dd-b77d-ecef24f1c2cd","Author":"Michael Haag","Created":"2025-09-18","MitreID":"T1068","Category":"vulnerable driver","Verified":"TRUE","Commands":{"Command":"sc.exe create ksapi.sys binPath=C:\\windows\\temp\\ksapi.sys type=kernel && sc.exe start ksapi.sys","Description":"Driver can be used to load unsigned drivers","Usecase":"Elevate privileges","Privileges":"kernel","OperatingSystem":"Windows 10"},"Resources":["https://github.com/BlackSnufkin/BYOVD"],"Acknowledgement":{"Person":"","Handle":""},"Detection":[],"KnownVulnerableSamples":[{"Filename":"26ed45461e62d733f33671bfd0724399d866ee7606f3f112c90896ce8355392e","MD5":"6d5fbbb446b119cb151c97b8e16be822","SHA1":"38ce6a9e00b059c1710b728af9454a3e9f45e579","SHA256":"26ed45461e62d733f33671bfd0724399d866ee7606f3f112c90896ce8355392e","Filesize":89776,"Signature":"","Date":"","Publisher":"","Company":"Kingsoft Corporation","Description":"Kingsoft KSAPI Module","Product":"Kingsoft Antivirus Security System","ProductVersion":"1,0,594,132","FileVersion":"2017,12,06,132","MachineType":"AMD64","OriginalFilename":"ksapi.sys","InternalName":"ksapi.sys","Copyright":"Copyright (C) 1998-2017 Kingsoft Corporation","Imports":["ntoskrnl.exe"],"ExportedFunctions":"","ImportedFunctions":["MmGetSystemRoutineAddress","DbgPrint","RtlInitUnicodeString","IoDeleteDevice","IoFreeMdl","SeReleaseSubjectContext","SeCaptureSubjectContext","IofCompleteRequest","MmProbeAndLockPages","MmUnlockPages","IoCreateSymbolicLink","IoCreateDevice","SeTokenIsAdmin","IoAllocateMdl","IoDeleteSymbolicLink","ZwDeleteKey","IoFileObjectType","ZwQueryValueKey","ZwUnmapViewOfSection","ExAllocatePool","ZwEnumerateKey","IoGetCurrentProcess","ExEventObjectType","ZwQueryKey","ExAllocatePoolWithTag","ProbeForRead","MmCreateSection","ZwOpenKey","NtClose","KeClearEvent","ZwEnumerateValueKey","ZwClose","ZwCreateKey","ExFreePoolWithTag","MmMapViewOfSection","IoGetBaseFileSystemDeviceObject","ObReferenceObjectByHandle","KeWaitForSingleObject","_wcsnicmp","IoFreeIrp","IoGetRelatedDeviceObject","KeSetEvent","ProbeForWrite","IoAllocateIrp","IoCreateFile","KeInitializeEvent","ZwDeleteValueKey","ZwSetValueKey","ObfDereferenceObject","ObInsertObject","ExAllocatePoolWithQuotaTag","ObCreateObject","ZwOpenSymbolicLinkObject","IoGetDeviceObjectPointer","IoGetDeviceAttachmentBaseRef","KeBugCheckEx","IoCreateFileSpecifyDeviceObjectHint","SeDeleteAccessState","ZwOpenFile","IoReleaseVpbSpinLock","IoAcquireVpbSpinLock","ZwQuerySymbolicLinkObject","SeCreateAccessState","wcsncpy","IoGetFileObjectGenericMapping","PsGetVersion","ObfReferenceObject","MmIsAddressValid","ObOpenObjectByPointer","_strnicmp","PsProcessType","ZwDuplicateObject","ZwOpenProcess","PsGetCurrentProcessId","ZwSetInformationObject","KeStackAttachProcess","PsLookupProcessByProcessId","ZwQuerySystemInformation","RtlEqualUnicodeString","KeUnstackDetachProcess","ZwSetInformationFile","ObQueryNameString","ZwWaitForSingleObject","PsCreateSystemThread","ExInitializeNPagedLookasideList","ExpInterlockedPushEntrySList","ExpInterlockedPopEntrySList","MmUserProbeAddress","ExQueryDepthSList","ExDeleteNPagedLookasideList","ZwTerminateProcess","RtlAnsiStringToUnicodeString","ZwReadFile","ZwMapViewOfSection","ZwCreateSection","RtlImageNtHeader","SeDeleteObjectAuditAlarm","ExGetPreviousMode","__C_specific_handler","__chkstk"],"PDBPath":"","Authentihash":{"MD5":"03ff5165bc71e59c3001152f36628e99","SHA1":"21f62d2144377d024519b7ea663f692d639fd941","SHA256":"b57caf226aaf1ee53a3e98e2f2ed40837bfa7a889b2914796f03ead147f219a6"},"Imphash":"6b84b4c98d44b362d90f36c816b7f49b","RichPEHeaderHash":{"MD5":"f69b0c5ca938ccf37baa4e68f96ff94b","SHA1":"be093c08439526aeafb63750d4adb5e6891f967c","SHA256":"2c074caf50e9b7073c2bbef7a4f988b0ed4cc0304d021c08d57656b6b725f55b"},"Sections":{".text":{"Entropy":6.148439955910647,"Virtual Size":"0xcec4"},".data":{"Entropy":0.593507599181397,"Virtual Size":"0x6b0"},".pdata":{"Entropy":4.549281882963393,"Virtual Size":"0x96c"},"PAGE":{"Entropy":5.345757941698345,"Virtual Size":"0x98"},"INIT":{"Entropy":5.714839199886039,"Virtual Size":"0xe88"},".rsrc":{"Entropy":3.372193219061502,"Virtual Size":"0x3b0"},".reloc":{"Entropy":1.1406546612061783,"Virtual Size":"0x54"}},"MagicHeader":"50 45 0 0","CreationTimestamp":"2017-12-06 04:14:31","Signatures":[{"CertificatesInfo":"","SignerInfo":"","Certificates":[{"Subject":"CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services CA , G2,O=Symantec Corporation,C=US","ValidFrom":"2012-12-21 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2020-12-30 23:59:59","Signature":"03099b8f79ef7f5930aaef68b5fae3091dbb4f82065d375fa6529f168dea1c9209446ef56deb587c30e8f9698d23730b126f47a9ae3911f82ab19bb01ac38eeb599600adce0c4db2d031a6085c2a7afce27a1d574ca86518e979406225966ec7c7376a8321088e41eaddd9573f1d7749872a16065ea6386a2212a35119837eb6","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"7e93ebfb7cc64e59ea4b9a77d406fc3b","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":false,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"d0785ad36e427c92b19f6826ab1e8020","SHA1":"365b7a9c21bd9373e49052c3e7b3e4646ddd4d43","SHA256":"c2abb7484da91a658548de089d52436175fdb760a1387d225611dc0613a1e2ff","SHA384":"eab4fe5ef90e0de4a6aa3a27769a5e879f588df5e4785aa4104debd1f81e19ea56d33e3a16e5facf99f68b5d8e3d287b"}},{"Subject":"CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer , G4,O=Symantec Corporation,C=US","ValidFrom":"2012-10-18 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2020-12-29 23:59:59","Signature":"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","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":false,"SerialNumber":"0ecff438c8febf356e04d86a981b1a50","Version":3,"CertificateType":"Intermediate","IsCodeSigning":false,"IsCA":false,"TBS":{"MD5":"e9d38360b914c8863f6cba3ee58764d3","SHA1":"4cba8eae47b6bf76f20b3504b98b8f062694a89b","SHA256":"88901d86a4cc1f1bb193d08e1fb63d27452e63f83e228c657ab1a92e4ade3976","SHA384":"e9f2a75334a9e336c5a4712eadee88d0374b0fdc273262f4e65c9040ad2793067cc076696db5279a478773485e285652"}},{"Subject":"CN=Beijing Kingsoft Security software Co.,Ltd,OU=IT,O=Beijing Kingsoft Security software Co.,Ltd,L=Beijing,ST=Beijing,C=CN","ValidFrom":"2017-02-17 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2019-03-19 23:59:59","Signature":"5a222f1e7c7756188ea9151ce28f7b5b4c76b7c28b9ca26d72402a9c67d9f78eb038cd3297c996274010620ac7fd78c5f21f482a40a2af528625a170c2a52745a0e37203842aac97f3df29d1cc6862472d30c48acde8fec98ca70562c37b86d5ab869f2c336a30f4339cce0a1ef8cfab21daad78aaa4541175ad473742f4228df3531e178ba7abad162cecde2de20aaf9de7058b8bc696d490a386c9d2be0608a0d821e44d7920486484aa72005b349b9fa985fb62c38e802fb3153087cdd77bc9e9cd70b9eedf8a83c75038256cd0c4c26ece2d3708ffce053bccfdb325ba5c187f73f79d5721f0a5356e6cf37f5c3ec9868b1c0ce718f15bfd8c3bc64b2ca0","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":false,"SerialNumber":"4c6d7b5ea289c274426434e65b417aba","Version":3,"CertificateType":"Leaf (Code Signing)","IsCodeSigning":true,"IsCA":false,"TBS":{"MD5":"926f275e20569cb88069ecd4cc0a94bf","SHA1":"5d767ae1c6d051b4872bb020faed9b867b8b589c","SHA256":"79f52876b273ad0c7ee45c5d7298651797f9f5eb37d5916f7f79a9b404373e4e","SHA384":"ad0c57d8fced327ff5b5c6ab55a473e77229368cf866c39ca7a58222e3f3a0883bd39c86182d026c7c30c7baa14d9802"}},{"Subject":"CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority , G5,OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. , For authorized use only,OU=VeriSign Trust Network,O=VeriSign, Inc.,C=US","ValidFrom":"2011-02-22 19:25:17","ValidTo":"2021-02-22 19:35:17","Signature":"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","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"611993e400000000001c","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":false,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"78a717e082dcc1cda3458d917e677d14","SHA1":"4a872e0e51f9b304469cd1dedb496ee9b8b983a4","SHA256":"317fa1d234ebc49040ebc5e8746f8997471496051b185a91bdd9dfbb23fab5f8","SHA384":"b71052da4eb9157c8c1a5d7f55df19d69b9128598b72fcca608e5b7cc7d64c43c5504b9c86355a6dc22ee40c88cc385c"}},{"Subject":"CN=VeriSign Class 3 Code Signing 2010 CA,OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)10,OU=VeriSign Trust Network,O=VeriSign, Inc.,C=US","ValidFrom":"2010-02-08 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2020-02-07 23:59:59","Signature":"5622e634a4c461cb48b901ad56a8640fd98c91c4bbcc0ce5ad7aa0227fdf47384a2d6cd17f711a7cec70a9b1f04fe40f0c53fa155efe749849248581261c911447b04c638cbba134d4c645e80d85267303d0a98c646ddc7192e645056015595139fc58146bfed4a4ed796b080c4172e737220609be23e93f449a1ee9619dccb1905cfc3dd28dac423d6536d4b43d40288f9b10cf2326cc4b20cb901f5d8c4c34ca3cd8e537d66fa520bd34eb26d9ae0de7c59af7a1b42191336f86e858bb257c740e58fe751b633fce317c9b8f1b969ec55376845b9cad91faaced93ba5dc82153c2825363af120d5087111b3d5452968a2c9c3d921a089a052ec793a54891d3","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"5200e5aa2556fc1a86ed96c9d44b33c7","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":true,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"b30c31a572b0409383ed3fbe17e56e81","SHA1":"4843a82ed3b1f2bfbee9671960e1940c942f688d","SHA256":"03cda47a6e654ed85d932714fc09ce4874600eda29ec6628cfbaeb155cab78c9","SHA384":"bbda8407c4f9fc4e54d772f1c7fb9d30bc97e1f97ecd51c443063d1fa0644e266328781776cd5c44896c457c75f4d7da"}}],"Signer":[{"SerialNumber":"4c6d7b5ea289c274426434e65b417aba","Issuer":"CN=Thawte Timestamping CA,OU=Thawte Certification,O=Thawte,L=Durbanville,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA","Version":1}]}]}],"Tags":["ksapi.sys"]}