{"Id":"fb36ebc6-fdc5-42eb-929b-a07e00c5b9db","Author":"Michael Haag","Created":"2025-09-18","MitreID":"T1068","Category":"vulnerable driver","Verified":"TRUE","Commands":{"Command":"sc.exe create ksapi.sys binPath=C:\\windows\\temp\\ksapi.sys type=kernel && sc.exe start ksapi.sys","Description":"Driver can be used to load unsigned drivers","Usecase":"Elevate privileges","Privileges":"kernel","OperatingSystem":"Windows 10"},"Resources":["https://github.com/BlackSnufkin/BYOVD"],"Acknowledgement":{"Person":"","Handle":""},"Detection":[],"KnownVulnerableSamples":[{"Filename":"1cd219f58b249a2e4f86553bdd649c73785093e22c87170798dae90f193240af","MD5":"a7681a49d1ac6efb31409f17a7011a8b","SHA1":"5eea8ae51f488912f795b1408459657861faaf31","SHA256":"1cd219f58b249a2e4f86553bdd649c73785093e22c87170798dae90f193240af","Filesize":81584,"Signature":"","Date":"","Publisher":"","Company":"Kingsoft Corporation","Description":"Kingsoft KSAPI Module","Product":"Kingsoft Antivirus Security System","ProductVersion":"1,0,591,131","FileVersion":"2017,12,06,131","MachineType":"AMD64","OriginalFilename":"ksapi.sys","InternalName":"ksapi.sys","Copyright":"Copyright (C) 1998-2017 Kingsoft Corporation","Imports":["ntoskrnl.exe"],"ExportedFunctions":"","ImportedFunctions":["MmGetSystemRoutineAddress","DbgPrint","RtlInitUnicodeString","IoDeleteDevice","IoFreeMdl","SeReleaseSubjectContext","SeCaptureSubjectContext","IofCompleteRequest","MmProbeAndLockPages","MmUnlockPages","IoCreateSymbolicLink","IoCreateDevice","SeTokenIsAdmin","IoAllocateMdl","IoDeleteSymbolicLink","ZwDeleteKey","IoFileObjectType","ZwQueryValueKey","ZwUnmapViewOfSection","ExAllocatePool","ZwEnumerateKey","IoGetCurrentProcess","ExEventObjectType","ZwQueryKey","ExAllocatePoolWithTag","ProbeForRead","MmCreateSection","ZwOpenKey","NtClose","KeClearEvent","ZwEnumerateValueKey","ZwClose","ZwCreateKey","ExFreePoolWithTag","MmMapViewOfSection","IoGetBaseFileSystemDeviceObject","ObReferenceObjectByHandle","KeWaitForSingleObject","_wcsnicmp","IoFreeIrp","IoGetRelatedDeviceObject","KeSetEvent","ProbeForWrite","IoAllocateIrp","IoCreateFile","KeInitializeEvent","ZwDeleteValueKey","ZwSetValueKey","ObfDereferenceObject","ObInsertObject","ExAllocatePoolWithQuotaTag","ObCreateObject","ZwOpenSymbolicLinkObject","IoGetDeviceObjectPointer","IoGetDeviceAttachmentBaseRef","KeBugCheckEx","IoCreateFileSpecifyDeviceObjectHint","SeDeleteAccessState","ZwOpenFile","IoReleaseVpbSpinLock","IoAcquireVpbSpinLock","ZwQuerySymbolicLinkObject","SeCreateAccessState","wcsncpy","IoGetFileObjectGenericMapping","PsGetVersion","ObfReferenceObject","MmIsAddressValid","ObOpenObjectByPointer","_strnicmp","PsProcessType","ZwDuplicateObject","ZwOpenProcess","PsGetCurrentProcessId","ZwSetInformationObject","KeStackAttachProcess","PsLookupProcessByProcessId","ZwQuerySystemInformation","RtlEqualUnicodeString","KeUnstackDetachProcess","ZwSetInformationFile","ObQueryNameString","ZwWaitForSingleObject","PsCreateSystemThread","ExInitializeNPagedLookasideList","ExpInterlockedPushEntrySList","ExpInterlockedPopEntrySList","MmUserProbeAddress","ExQueryDepthSList","ExDeleteNPagedLookasideList","ZwTerminateProcess","RtlAnsiStringToUnicodeString","ZwReadFile","ZwMapViewOfSection","ZwCreateSection","RtlImageNtHeader","SeDeleteObjectAuditAlarm","ExGetPreviousMode","__C_specific_handler","__chkstk"],"PDBPath":"","Authentihash":{"MD5":"7074548d0506f5cd162319eec75c3742","SHA1":"2d25dd401738e8b3867b608f20448c97ae7d61ae","SHA256":"31ce60480166e9ebef758b66f770f3fea86dd429da27fc5eed755c3d8c4e20fa"},"Imphash":"6b84b4c98d44b362d90f36c816b7f49b","RichPEHeaderHash":{"MD5":"f69b0c5ca938ccf37baa4e68f96ff94b","SHA1":"be093c08439526aeafb63750d4adb5e6891f967c","SHA256":"2c074caf50e9b7073c2bbef7a4f988b0ed4cc0304d021c08d57656b6b725f55b"},"Sections":{".text":{"Entropy":6.1481340375456055,"Virtual Size":"0xcec4"},".data":{"Entropy":0.593507599181397,"Virtual Size":"0x6b0"},".pdata":{"Entropy":4.549281882963393,"Virtual Size":"0x96c"},"PAGE":{"Entropy":5.345757941698345,"Virtual Size":"0x98"},"INIT":{"Entropy":5.714839199886039,"Virtual Size":"0xe88"},".rsrc":{"Entropy":3.3672005882117175,"Virtual Size":"0x3b0"},".reloc":{"Entropy":1.1406546612061783,"Virtual Size":"0x54"}},"MagicHeader":"50 45 0 0","CreationTimestamp":"2017-12-06 04:12:00","Signatures":[{"CertificatesInfo":"","SignerInfo":"","Certificates":[{"Subject":"CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services CA , G2,O=Symantec Corporation,C=US","ValidFrom":"2012-12-21 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2020-12-30 23:59:59","Signature":"03099b8f79ef7f5930aaef68b5fae3091dbb4f82065d375fa6529f168dea1c9209446ef56deb587c30e8f9698d23730b126f47a9ae3911f82ab19bb01ac38eeb599600adce0c4db2d031a6085c2a7afce27a1d574ca86518e979406225966ec7c7376a8321088e41eaddd9573f1d7749872a16065ea6386a2212a35119837eb6","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"7e93ebfb7cc64e59ea4b9a77d406fc3b","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":false,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"d0785ad36e427c92b19f6826ab1e8020","SHA1":"365b7a9c21bd9373e49052c3e7b3e4646ddd4d43","SHA256":"c2abb7484da91a658548de089d52436175fdb760a1387d225611dc0613a1e2ff","SHA384":"eab4fe5ef90e0de4a6aa3a27769a5e879f588df5e4785aa4104debd1f81e19ea56d33e3a16e5facf99f68b5d8e3d287b"}},{"Subject":"CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer , G4,O=Symantec Corporation,C=US","ValidFrom":"2012-10-18 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2020-12-29 23:59:59","Signature":"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","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":false,"SerialNumber":"0ecff438c8febf356e04d86a981b1a50","Version":3,"CertificateType":"Intermediate","IsCodeSigning":false,"IsCA":false,"TBS":{"MD5":"e9d38360b914c8863f6cba3ee58764d3","SHA1":"4cba8eae47b6bf76f20b3504b98b8f062694a89b","SHA256":"88901d86a4cc1f1bb193d08e1fb63d27452e63f83e228c657ab1a92e4ade3976","SHA384":"e9f2a75334a9e336c5a4712eadee88d0374b0fdc273262f4e65c9040ad2793067cc076696db5279a478773485e285652"}},{"Subject":"CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority , G5,OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. , For authorized use only,OU=VeriSign Trust Network,O=VeriSign, Inc.,C=US","ValidFrom":"2006-11-08 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2021-11-07 23:59:59","Signature":"1302ddf8e88600f25af8f8200c59886207cecef74ef9bb59a198e5e138dd4ebc6618d3adeb18f20dc96d3e4a9420c33cbabd6554c6af44b310ad2c6b3eabd707b6b88163c5f95e2ee52a67cecd330c2ad7895603231fb3bee83a0859b4ec4535f78a5bff66cf50afc66d578d1978b7b9a2d157ea1f9a4bafbac98e127ec6bdff","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"250ce8e030612e9f2b89f7054d7cf8fd","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":true,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"918d9eb6a6cd36c531eceb926170a7e1","SHA1":"0ae95700d65e6f59715aa47048993ca7858e676a","SHA256":"47c46e6eaa3780eace3d0d891346cd373359d246b21a957219dbab4c8f37c166","SHA384":"e54017c93ba52f012cc15aeb3bcbce1e90a0006ff8dca231a24fc572926770f63213343f538003407bed3463fa9c4a85"}},{"Subject":"OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority,O=VeriSign, Inc.,C=US","ValidFrom":"2006-05-23 17:01:29","ValidTo":"2016-05-23 17:11:29","Signature":"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","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"610c120600000000001b","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":false,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"53c41bc1164e09e0cd1617a5bf913efd","SHA1":"93c03aac8951d494ecd5696b1c08658541b18727","SHA256":"40bddadac24dc61ca4fb5cab2a2bc5d876bc36808311039a7a3e1a4066f7489b","SHA384":"f51d4e75ba638f7314cd59b8d6d45f3b34d35ce6986e9d205cd6f333e8e8d8e9c91f636e6bc84731b6661673f40963d8"}},{"Subject":"CN=Beijing Kingsoft Security software Co.,Ltd,OU=IT,O=Beijing Kingsoft Security software Co.,Ltd,L=Beijing,ST=Beijing,C=CN","ValidFrom":"2017-02-17 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2019-03-19 23:59:59","Signature":"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","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":false,"SerialNumber":"4c6d7b5ea289c274426434e65b417aba","Version":3,"CertificateType":"Leaf (Code Signing)","IsCodeSigning":true,"IsCA":false,"TBS":{"MD5":"926f275e20569cb88069ecd4cc0a94bf","SHA1":"5d767ae1c6d051b4872bb020faed9b867b8b589c","SHA256":"79f52876b273ad0c7ee45c5d7298651797f9f5eb37d5916f7f79a9b404373e4e","SHA384":"ad0c57d8fced327ff5b5c6ab55a473e77229368cf866c39ca7a58222e3f3a0883bd39c86182d026c7c30c7baa14d9802"}},{"Subject":"CN=VeriSign Class 3 Code Signing 2010 CA,OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)10,OU=VeriSign Trust Network,O=VeriSign, Inc.,C=US","ValidFrom":"2010-02-08 00:00:00","ValidTo":"2020-02-07 23:59:59","Signature":"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","SignatureAlgorithmOID":"1.2.840.113549.1.1.5","IsCertificateAuthority":true,"SerialNumber":"5200e5aa2556fc1a86ed96c9d44b33c7","Version":3,"CertificateType":"CA","IsCodeSigning":true,"IsCA":true,"TBS":{"MD5":"b30c31a572b0409383ed3fbe17e56e81","SHA1":"4843a82ed3b1f2bfbee9671960e1940c942f688d","SHA256":"03cda47a6e654ed85d932714fc09ce4874600eda29ec6628cfbaeb155cab78c9","SHA384":"bbda8407c4f9fc4e54d772f1c7fb9d30bc97e1f97ecd51c443063d1fa0644e266328781776cd5c44896c457c75f4d7da"}}],"Signer":[{"SerialNumber":"4c6d7b5ea289c274426434e65b417aba","Issuer":"CN=Thawte Timestamping CA,OU=Thawte Certification,O=Thawte,L=Durbanville,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA","Version":1}]}]}],"Tags":["ksapi.sys"]}